commit 7862d4e51530dc1d97fb20b63060d017f04b6a24
parent 92fe0e599cf079aea24fa75af8890fbc05bb078d
Author: Sebastiano Tronto <sebastiano.tronto@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Sep 2020 19:29:27 +0200
Added exercises and some pages to the slides
Diffstat:
16 files changed, 267 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Here you can find the slides and the exercises for the course
"Elementary Logic" (University of Luxembourg, PrepCamp 2020).
For the slides, go in the ``slides`` folder and look for the file
-``preplogic-slides.pdf''.
+``preplogic-slides.pdf``.
-For the exercises, go in the ``exercises'' folder and look for the file
-``preplogic-exercises.pdf''.
+For the exercises, go in the ``exercises`` folder and look for the file
+``preplogic-exercises.pdf``.
diff --git a/exercises/preplogic-exercises.fdb_latexmk b/exercises/preplogic-exercises.fdb_latexmk
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
# Fdb version 3
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diff --git a/exercises/preplogic-exercises.pdf b/exercises/preplogic-exercises.pdf
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diff --git a/exercises/preplogic-exercises.synctex.gz b/exercises/preplogic-exercises.synctex.gz
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diff --git a/exercises/preplogic-exercises.tex b/exercises/preplogic-exercises.tex
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage[top=2cm]{geometry}
\theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}[section]
-\author{Sebastiano Tronto (uni.lu)}
-\title{Elementary logic exercises (Prep Camp 2020)}
+\author{Sebastiano Tronto (\texttt{sebastiano.tronto@uni.lu})}
+\title{Elementary Logic exercises (Prep Camp 2020)}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@
\section{Logical operations}
\begin{exercise}
- Determine if the following statement are \textbf{true} or \textbf{false}:
+ Determine if the following statements are \textbf{true} or \textbf{false}:
\begin{enumerate}
\item ``Today is Tuesday or Germany has more inhabitants than Luxembourg''
\item ``$7$ is odd and $2+2=5$''
@@ -84,21 +85,35 @@ here}'' ?
\section{Quantifiers}
\begin{exercise}
+ Write the negation of the following statements:
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item $\exists x\in \mathbb N,\, x^2-2=0$
+ \item ``Every prime number is odd''
+ \item ``Every person I have met likes pizza''
+ \item ``There is at least one number greater than $7$''
+ \item $\forall x\in \mathbb N,\,x\geq 0$
+ \item $\forall x\in \mathbb Z,\,(\exists y\in\mathbb Z,\,x+y=0)$
+ \end{enumerate}
+\end{exercise}
+
+\begin{exercise}
There is another quantifier that we did not cover in the lecture, namely
$\exists!$ (read ``there exists exactly one''). For example, the sentence
``\emph{there exists exactly one natural number x such that x+2=5}'' can be
- written in symbols as ``$\exists!x\in \mathbb N,\,x+2=5$.
+ written in symbols as ``$\exists!x\in \mathbb N,\,x+2=5$''.
+
In this exercise, your task is to give a formal definition of this quantifier
using the logical symbols that we have defined in class. In particular, you
will need the following:
\begin{itemize}
- \item the universal ($\forall$) and existential ($\exists$) quantifier
+ \item the universal ($\forall$) and existential ($\exists$) quantifiers
\item the conjunction $\land$
\item the implication $\implies$
\end{itemize}
Moreover, you will need the equality symbol $=$ between two elements of a set
(if $a$ and $b$ are two elements of the same set, ``$a=b$'' is a mathematical
- statement and it is \textbf{true} if and only if they are the same element).
+ statement and it is \textbf{true} if and only if $a$ and $b$ are the same
+ element).
\emph{Warning: your definition must depend on a set $S$ and on a ``variable
statement'' $A(x)$, as the existential and universal quantifiers.}
@@ -107,6 +122,27 @@ here}'' ?
\section{Proofs}
\begin{exercise}
+ Prove by induction that
+ \begin{align*}
+ \forall n\in\mathbb N,\quad \sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)=n^2
+ \end{align*}
+ (here $\sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)$ means $1+3+5+\cdots+ (2n-1)$).
+\end{exercise}
+
+\begin{exercise}
+ If $n\in \mathbb N$ the \emph{factorial} of $n$, denoted by $n!$ is defined
+ as follows:
+ \begin{align*}
+ n!=\begin{cases}
+ 1&\text{if } n=0,\\
+ n\times (n-1)! & \text{if } n> 0.
+ \end{cases}
+ \end{align*}
+ Prove by induction that if $n\geq 4$ then $n!\geq 2^n$.
+\end{exercise}
+
+
+\begin{exercise}
Is the following statement true or false? Give a proof of your answer.
\begin{align*}
\forall n\in \mathbb N,\, n^2 -4n +5>n
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diff --git a/slides/preplogic-slides.pdf b/slides/preplogic-slides.pdf
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diff --git a/slides/preplogic-slides.tex b/slides/preplogic-slides.tex
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Mathematician: ``Yes.''
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Universal quantifier} ($\forall$ or ``for all''):
- ``$\forall x\in S,\,A(x)$'' means that if we replace $x$ with any
+ ``$\forall x\in S,\,A(x)$'' means that if we replace ``$x$'' with any
element of $S$, $A(x)$ is always \textbf{true}.
\item \textbf{Existential quantifier} ($\exists$ or ``there exists''):
``$\exists x\in S,\, A(x)$'' means that $A(x)$ is \textbf{true} for
@@ -385,16 +385,21 @@ Mathematician: ``Yes.''
\neg(\exists x\in S,\, A(x))&=\only<1-2>{\quad?}
\onslide<3->{\forall x\in S,\,\neg A(x)}\\
\end{align*}
- \pause
+ \onslide<2->{
\begin{example}
\begin{center}
$\neg$``every number is even'' = ``there is at least one odd number''
\end{center}
\end{example}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}
- (exercise)
+ }
+ \onslide<3->{
+ \begin{example}
+ \begin{center}
+ $\neg$``$\exists x\in \mathbb N,\, x+3=9$'' =
+ ``$\forall x\in \mathbb N,\, x+3\neq 9$''
+ \end{center}
+ \end{example}
+ }
\end{frame}
\section{Proofs}
@@ -523,4 +528,16 @@ Mathematician: ``Yes.''
\end{proof}
\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}{The end}
+ What you have learned in this course:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Basic logic operations and logic implication
+ \item Quantifiers and \textbf{their negation}
+ \item Some basic mathematical proofs
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{10pt}
+ \refgithub
+\end{frame}
+
+
\end{document}
diff --git a/slides/preplogic-slides.toc b/slides/preplogic-slides.toc
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Logical operations}{11}{0}{2}
\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Implication}{28}{0}{3}
\beamer@sectionintoc {4}{Quantifiers}{40}{0}{4}
-\beamer@sectionintoc {5}{Proofs}{47}{0}{5}
+\beamer@sectionintoc {5}{Proofs}{46}{0}{5}