4 files changed, 147 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone/debugging-smartphone.md b/src/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone/debugging-smartphone.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e346860
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone/debugging-smartphone.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# I had to debug C code on a smartphone
+
+A few days ago someone contacted me about an issue they had with
+[nissy](https://nissy.tronto.net) - a project of mine that I have talked
+about in [my last blog post](../2023-04-10-the-big-rewrite).
+
+I was happy to look into it, but I could not reproduce the error in any
+way, while this person ran into it consistently every time they tried
+to use a certain functionality.
+
+They were using a [Mac M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_M1),
+which has an
+[ARM-based CPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family).
+So I guessed the error was caused by me relying on some undefined
+behavior of C that resulted in different compiled code on
+[x86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86)
+and on ARM. But I had no ARM-based machine to debug this.
+
+Except...
+
+## Everyone has an ARM computer
+
+Most (if not all) smartphones have and ARM-based CPU. This means, at
+least in theory, that if this bug was really related to this different
+CPU architecture, I could reproduce it on my phone.
+
+Nissy is a command line application. To compile it you just need a C
+compiler + standard library and a terminal emulator. On Android there is
+[termux](https://termux.dev), that I already use to ssh into my personal
+server in case I need to check something on the go and to play around.
+So I installed git, [clang](https://clang.llvm.org) and gdb on it, and
+I was ready to go!
+
+![A screenshot of my phone running termux, debugging nissy](termux.jpg)
+
+This was not the most pleasant experience. Yes, I could have installed
+vim or some other text editor instead of using ed, but I don't think this
+would have improved things all that much. I mostly edited the code on
+my laptop and transferred my changes to my phone with quick git push &
+pulls, keeping text editing on the phone to a minimum.
+
+And it worked! I was able to reproduce the bug on the first try in
+this environment.  In hindsight, I should have tried building nissy
+with a different compiler first, which would have saved me the hassle
+of working on a 5-inch screen.  I tried afterwards, but I could not
+reproduce the error this way.
+
+## The actual bug
+
+The bug itself was just a classic out-of-bounds error.  Simplifying a
+bit, at the beginning of a file I had a bunch static arrays that looked
+pretty much like this:
+
+```
+#define N 10000
+static int a[N];
+static int b[N];
+```
+
+The values in these arrays where written only once, in their respective
+`initialize_a()` and `initialize_b()` functions, both called at startup.
+
+The second array `b[]` was initialized correctly, but the value `b[0]`
+changed after calling `initialize_a()`, which in theory did not touch
+`b[]` in any way. But, due to some wrong logic, in this function I ended
+up writing some value into `a[N]`, which is out of the bounds of array
+`a[]`.  Apparently, when targeting ARM the compiler decided to allocate
+the space for `a[]` and `b[]` in contiguous areas of memory, something
+that did non happen on other architectures - perhaps some padding was
+added between the two?
+
+Once spotted, fixing the bug was easy: if a certain index `i` reached
+the value `N`, the correct thing to do was to skip that value. I had
+simply forgotten to check this. Adding an `if (i != N)` solved it.
+
+## Retrospective
+
+Debugging on a smartphone is obviously not ideal, especially since nissy
+(at least in its current form) is not meant to run on one.  This motivated
+me to think back and look for ways to prevent this kind of problem.
+
+### Testing
+
+The error in the code had nothing to do with CPU architectures, it
+was a logic error. The algorithm I had in mind was correct, but I
+forgot one case and typed it out wrong. This is something that is
+bound to happen to everyone, so how could I have avoided it?
+
+A good way to spot errors in your logic is to write [unit
+tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing).  In this particular
+case, though, I cannot think off the top of my head how to write a
+unit test that would spot this error, at least when running on a x86
+machine. In the end, the function `initialize_a()` achieved its goal -
+albeit with an undesired side effect.
+
+### Better tools
+
+In C, the size of an array is just an indication of how much memory
+has to be allocated for it. There is no runtime check when accesing an
+element. Most compilers can check for *static* out-of-bound accesses, i.e.
+`int a[10]; a[11] = 0` will result in a warning (not even an error!)
+at compile time. But even this would have not spotted my bug.
+
+Tools like [Valgrind](https://valgrind.org) can help you analyze this
+kind of memory-related issues, such as accessing unallocated memory
+areas and memory leaks. However, to my surprise, valgrind did not help
+here. I guess this is because the memory I ended up accessing was still
+reserved for my code, just for a different array - or for some padding
+between the two.  Or perhaps I should have used more thorough settings.
+
+There are modern languages that try prevent you from shooting yourself
+on the foot, like [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org). But for me C has a
+huge advantage over any of these better-on-paper alternatives: I know it
+decently well. Another good reason is ubiquity - I don't want to force
+my few potential users to install a whole Rust environment just for nissy!
+
+### Real world checks
+
+Running your software on more platforms and making sure everything
+works as expected is a good way to spot errors that are architecture-
+or compiler-dependent. I am definitely not going to buy a Mac M1 just to
+test out this toy project, but I could at least test it on all the devices
+I have - including my phone.  Since it is a command-line application,
+setting up a test suite that runs a bunch of commands and then checks
+that the outpus is as expected would be relatively easy.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Typing on a phone is painful. Nonetheless, debugging this was actually
+kind of fun.
+
+Knowing some low-level stuff always helps. In this case, I was able to
+reproduce the issue only because I knew that different CPU architectures
+exists, and that a Mac M1 is similar to an Android phone in this regard.
+
+But I also want to stress that this bug was not related to the CPU
+architecture: there was a logic error in my code. The fact that it was
+only visible on ARM is a coincidence.  In the end, correct logic is the
+most important thing in coding.
diff --git a/src/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone/termux.jpg b/src/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone/termux.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5318fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone/termux.jpg
diff --git a/src/blog/blog.md b/src/blog/blog.md
index 88c8e8b..be9015d 100644
--- a/src/blog/blog.md
+++ b/src/blog/blog.md
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 ## 2023
 
+* 2023-05-05 [I had to debug C code on a smartphone](2023-05-05-debug-smartphone)
 * 2023-04-10 [The big rewrite](2023-04-10-the-big-rewrite)
 * 2023-03-30 [The man page reading club: dc(1)](2023-03-30-dc)
 * 2023-03-06 [Resizing my website's pictures with ImageMagick and find(1)](2023-03-06-resize-pictures)
diff --git a/src/blog/feed.xml b/src/blog/feed.xml
index c4fb4d9..58df461 100644
--- a/src/blog/feed.xml
+++ b/src/blog/feed.xml
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@ Thoughts about software, computers and whatever I feel like sharing
 </description>
 
 <item>
+<title>I had to debug C code on a smartphone</title>
+<link>https://sebastiano.tronto.net/blog/2023-05-05-debug-smartphone</link>
+<description>I had to debug C code on a smartphone</description>
+<pubDate>2023-05-05</pubDate>
+</item>
+
+<item>
 <title>The big rewrite</title>
 <link>https://sebastiano.tronto.net/blog/2023-04-10-the-big-rewrite</link>
 <description>The big rewrite</description>