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+# Taming C++, episode 1: motivation
+
+C++ is pretty much the standard language in the software industry for
+any project where performance matters. I have used it a fair bit in
+the past - during my [IOI](https://ioinformatics.org) time and for
+a university course - but I used it only as "C with
+[STL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Template_Library)". I have
+also reviewed it for my job interview a couple of years ago, but I have
+not touched it since then. Given that I am at the early stages of my
+career as a software developer and that I am interested in performance,
+it's about time I learn modern C++!
+
+## Motivation
+
+As much as I like programming and learning new stuff, this is something
+that requires some effort. And it turns out that keeping a copy of
+[A Tour of C++](https://www.stroustrup.com/tour3.html) on my desk and
+looking at its cover from time to time does not provide sufficient
+motivation to take up this new task.
+
+Starting a new project would be a good way to start playing with a new
+language, but at the moment I would rather keep working on my ongoing
+projects than start a new one. Writing a (series of) blog post(s)
+where I share my experience with the rest of the world seemed like a
+good alternative, but I needed some extra push to get started.
+
+Finally, a few weeks ago I have discovered Bert Hubert's series of posts
+[*Modern C++ for C programmers*](https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/c++-1).
+The first post in that series showed an example that got my attention:
+for a task as simple as sorting a list of integers, using their respective
+standard libraries, C++ outperforms C by a significant margin!
+
+## Performance
+
+To get started with modern C++, I decided to repeat Bert's experiment.
+You can find the code I wrote in
+[this repository](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp).
+
+To sort a list of a hundred million integers, in C we can use `qsort()`
+from `stdlib.h` (see
+[sort.c](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp/file/sort-benchmark/integers/sort.c.html)):
+
+```
+qsort(a, ARRAYSIZE, sizeof(int), compar);
+```
+
+Where `compar()` is a comparison function such as
+
+```
+int compar(const void *x, const void *y) {
+        return *(int *)x - *(int *)y;
+}
+```
+
+In C++ we can use `sort()` from `algorithm` (see
+[sort.cpp](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp/file/sort-benchmark/integers/sort.cpp.html)):
+
+```
+std::sort(a, a+ARRAYSIZE,
+          [](const int &x, const int &y) { return x < y; });
+```
+
+Here we use a
+[lambda expression](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda)
+instead of a comparison function.
+
+Modern C++ also offers parallelized
+version of common algorithms as part of the standard library, so if
+we want to completely humiliate poor C we can use this (see
+[sort_parallel.cpp](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp/file/sort-benchmark/integers/sort_parallel.cpp.html)):
+
+```
+std::sort(std::execution::par, a, a+ARRAYSIZE,
+          [](const int &x, const int &y) { return x < y; });
+```
+
+Parallelizing stuff like this looks almost like cheating, but it wasn't
+without some struggle - see the "Gotchas" section below.
+
+So, what is the result? These are the times I get on my
+[Debian 12 desktop](https://sebastiano.tronto.net/blog/2023-10-15-build-time)
+(AMD Ryzen 7 7700):
+
+```
+C time for 100000000 numbers: 9.815525s
+C++ time for 100000000 numbers: 4.87299s
+C++ time for 100000000 numbers (parallel): 0.488956s
+```
+
+Even without parallelization, C++ is twice as fast as C!
+
+You might think that C++ is somehow optimizing for integer
+sorting. But this is not the case, as demonstrated by a similar experiment
+with *pairs* of integers (see
+[sort.c](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp/file/sort-benchmark/pairs/sort.c.html),
+[sort.cpp](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp/file/sort-benchmark/pairs/sort.cpp.html) and
+[sort_parallel.cpp](https://git.tronto.net/taming-cpp/file/sort-benchmark/pairs/sort_parallel.cpp.html)
+- I used a non-standard mixed lexicographic order to be reasonably sure the
+compiler does not come up with any ad-hoc optimization):
+
+```
+C time for 100000000 pairs: 12.383896s
+C++ time for 100000000 pairs: 6.50033s
+C++ time for 100000000 pairs (parallel): 0.713616s
+```
+
+## Complexity is not for nothing
+
+As explained by Bert in his post, the reason
+the C++ version is faster is that by using
+[templates](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/templates)
+the compiler can inline the call to the comparison function. C is not
+as sophisticated, so this is not possible: the only way a standard
+library function can call your custom code is via a
+[function pointer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_pointer).
+Regardless of possible performance issues with pointer
+dereferencing, calling a function without inlining it always causes
+some overhead. This is completely negligible for larger tasks, but for a
+small function that is called millions of times it makes a big difference!
+
+And all of this without even considering the elephant in the room, that is
+the fact that with virtually zero extra effort - but again, see the "Gotchas"
+section below - one can parallelize C++ STL algorithms and make them an order
+of magnitude faster on modern hardware! In C I would have needed to write a
+parallel sort on my own with something like
+[pthreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pthreads).
+
+Lesson learned for a C developer: sometimes the extra complexity of
+other languages does bring some benefit.
+
+## Gotchas
+
+I mentioned above that I had some trouble compiling and running the
+parallel version of my code. In fact it took me almost two hours to make
+it work! This was for a couple of reasons.
+
+The first reason is that, at least on Linux with GCC + GLIBC, the C++
+standard library requires
+[TBB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threading_Building_Blocks). I
+figured this out rather early, and it did not take me long to learn
+that I had to add an `-ltbb` option to my command line either. What
+took me an incredibly long time to understand is that `-ltbb` had to
+be put *at the end* of the command line options! To make it clear,
+something like this:
+
+```
+$ g++ -O3 -std=c++20 -ltbb -o sort sort_parallel.cpp
+```
+
+does not work, you have to write
+
+```
+$ g++ -O3 -std=c++20 -o sort sort_parallel.cpp -ltbb
+```
+
+Another problem I had was caused by my use of macros. You can see
+in the source files that I am using an `ARRAYSIZE` macro for the
+size of the array, and I provide a value for it at compile time.
+Originally I had called this macro `N`, but this clashed with some
+internal name used in TBB, and I got all sorts of walls of text
+of weird template errors - something C++ is infamous for.
+
+The last issue I had was that I was stupid and tried to compile my
+C++ code with a C compiler. Indeed, while debugging the issue with
+`-ltbb` I tried switching to [clang](https://clang.llvm.org), because
+I sometimes get better error messages with it. But instead of using
+`clang++` I used `clang`, which only compiles C.
+
+## Until next time?
+
+Now that I have broken the ice with C++ I think it will be easier
+to continue studying it. I may or may not keep writing about this here:
+turning this into another blog series may be a good way to force myself
+to do this regularly, but on the other hand it may not be interesting
+for my readers. We'll see!