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-rw-r--r--preplogic-solutions.pdfbin167760 -> 0 bytes
-rw-r--r--solutions/preplogic-solutions.aux5
-rw-r--r--solutions/preplogic-solutions.fdb_latexmk79
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diff --git a/preplogic-solutions.pdf b/preplogic-solutions.pdf
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diff --git a/solutions/preplogic-solutions.aux b/solutions/preplogic-solutions.aux
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1\relax
2\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Logical operations}{1}\protected@file@percent }
3\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Implication}{2}\protected@file@percent }
4\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Quantifiers}{2}\protected@file@percent }
5\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Proofs}{3}\protected@file@percent }
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1\documentclass[a4paper,oneside]{article}
2\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
3\usepackage{amsmath}
4\usepackage{amsthm}
5\usepackage{amssymb}
6\usepackage[top=2cm]{geometry}
7
8\theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}[section]
9
10\author{Sebastiano Tronto (\texttt{sebastiano.tronto@uni.lu})}
11\title{Elementary Logic exercises (Prep Camp 2020)}
12
13\begin{document}
14\maketitle
15
16\section{Logical operations}
17
18\begin{exercise}
19 Determine if the following statements are \textbf{true} or \textbf{false}:
20 \begin{enumerate}
21 \item ``Today is Tuesday or Germany has more inhabitants than Luxembourg''
22 \item ``$7$ is odd and $2+2=5$''
23 \item Every number of the form $2^{2^n}+1$, for $n=1,2,3...$, is prime.
24 \end{enumerate}
25\end{exercise}
26\begin{proof}[Solution]
27 \begin{enumerate}
28 \item \textbf{True}: regardless of when you solve this exercise, Germany
29 has more inhabitants than Luxembourg.
30 \item \textbf{True}
31 \item \textbf{False}: the number $2^{2^5}+1=4294967297=641\times 6700417$
32 is not prime.
33 \end{enumerate}
34\end{proof}
35
36\begin{exercise}
37 What is the negation of the sentence ``\emph{I payed attention in class and I
38 did not do my homework}'' ?
39\end{exercise}
40\begin{proof}[Solution]
41 ``\emph{I did not pay attention in class \textbf{or} I did my homework}''
42\end{proof}
43
44\begin{exercise}
45 Simplify the following logical expressions using the properties of logical
46 operations (where $A,B$ and $C$ are statements):
47 \begin{enumerate}
48 \item $A\land(A\lor B)$
49 \item $A\lor (B\land A)$
50 \item $(A\lor B) \land \neg A$
51 \item $A \lor (\neg A\land B)$
52 \item $(\neg (A\lor \neg B))\land ((A\lor C) \land \neg C)$
53 \end{enumerate}
54\end{exercise}
55\begin{proof}[Solution]
56 They are equivalent to the following (you can check with truth tables):
57 \begin{enumerate}
58 \item $A$
59 \item $A$
60 \item $B\land \neg A$
61 \item $A\lor B$
62 \item Let's do this one in more steps:
63 \begin{align*}
64 (\neg (A\lor \neg B))\land ((A\lor C) \land \neg C)=
65 &(\neg A\land B)\land ((A\lor C)\land \neg C)=\\
66 =&(\neg A\land B)\land ((A\land \neg C)\lor (C\land \neg C))=\\
67 =&(\neg A\land B)\land ((A\land \neg C)\lor \textbf{false})=\\
68 =&(\neg A\land B)\land (A\land \neg C)=\\
69 =&A\land \neg A\land B\land \neg C=\\
70 =&\textbf{false}
71 \end{align*}
72 \end{enumerate}
73\end{proof}
74
75\section{Implication}
76
77\begin{exercise}
78 Fill in the following truth table:
79 \begin{align*}
80 \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
81 \hline
82 A & B & C & \neg(A\implies B) & (A\implies B) \implies C \\
83 \hline
84 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
85 \hline
86 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\
87 \hline
88 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
89 \hline
90 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\
91 \hline
92 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\
93 \hline
94 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
95 \hline
96 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
97 \hline
98 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\
99 \hline
100 \end{array}
101 \end{align*}
102\end{exercise}
103
104\begin{exercise}[Transitivity]
105 Prove that the following statement is true for any statements $A,B$ and $C$:
106 \begin{align*}
107 ((A\implies B)\land (B\implies C))\implies (A\implies C)
108 \end{align*}
109\end{exercise}
110\begin{proof}[Solution]
111 Let's rewrite the first part in terms of basic logical operations:
112 \begin{align*}
113 (A\implies B)\land (B\implies C)=&(B\lor \neg A)\land(C\lor \neg B)
114 \end{align*}
115 now we can write a truth table for the two parts
116 \begin{align*}
117 \begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
118 \hline
119 A & B & C & (B\lor\neg A)\land(C\lor\neg B) & A\implies C \\
120 \hline
121 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\
122 \hline
123 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
124 \hline
125 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
126 \hline
127 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
128 \hline
129 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
130 \hline
131 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\
132 \hline
133 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
134 \hline
135 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
136 \hline
137 \end{array}
138 \end{align*}
139 With the help of the truth table we see that whenever the first part
140 ``$(\neg (A\lor \neg B))\land ((A\lor C) \land \neg C)$'' is true, also the
141 implication ``$A\implies C$'' is true. This shows that the ``big
142 implication'' is true. (If you are not convinced, you can add more details to
143 this proof, for example by writing more truth tables.)
144\end{proof}
145
146\begin{exercise}
147What is the contrapositive of ``\emph{If this table is not reserved, we sit
148here}'' ?
149\end{exercise}
150\begin{proof}[Solution]
151 ``\emph{If we do not sit here, this table is reserved}''. One could also say
152 this in another way, for example ``\emph{We do not sit here because this
153 table is reserved}''.
154\end{proof}
155
156\section{Quantifiers}
157
158\begin{exercise}
159 Write the negation of the following statements:
160 \begin{enumerate}
161 \item $\exists x\in \mathbb N,\, x^2-2=0$
162 \item ``Every prime number is odd''
163 \item ``Every person I have met likes pizza''
164 \item ``There is at least one number greater than $7$''
165 \item $\forall x\in \mathbb N,\,x\geq 0$
166 \item $\forall x\in \mathbb Z,\,(\exists y\in\mathbb Z,\,x+y=0)$
167 \end{enumerate}
168\end{exercise}
169\begin{proof}[Solution]
170 \begin{enumerate}
171 \item $\forall x\in\mathbb N,\, x^2-2\neq 0$
172 \item ``There is at least one prime number which is even''
173 \item ``I have met at least one person that does not like pizza''
174 \item ``Every number is less or equal than $7$''
175 \item $\exists x\in\mathbb N,\, x<0$
176 \item $\exists x\in \mathbb Z,\, (\forall y\in \mathbb Z,\, x+y\neq 0)$
177 \end{enumerate}
178\end{proof}
179
180\begin{exercise}
181 There is another quantifier that we did not cover in the lecture, namely
182 $\exists!$ (read ``there exists exactly one''). For example, the sentence
183 ``\emph{there exists exactly one natural number x such that x+2=5}'' can be
184 written in symbols as ``$\exists!x\in \mathbb N,\,x+2=5$''.
185
186 In this exercise, your task is to give a formal definition of this quantifier
187 using the logical symbols that we have defined in class. In particular, you
188 will need the following:
189 \begin{itemize}
190 \item the universal ($\forall$) and existential ($\exists$) quantifiers
191 \item the conjunction $\land$
192 \item the implication $\implies$
193 \end{itemize}
194 Moreover, you will need the equality symbol $=$ between two elements of a set
195 (if $a$ and $b$ are two elements of the same set, ``$a=b$'' is a mathematical
196 statement and it is \textbf{true} if and only if $a$ and $b$ are the same
197 element).
198
199 \emph{Warning: your definition must depend on a set $S$ and on a ``variable
200 statement'' $A(x)$, as the existential and universal quantifiers.}
201\end{exercise}
202\begin{proof}[Solution]
203 The idea is that we want to write ``\emph{there is $x\in S$ such that $A(x)$
204 is true, \textbf{and}, for any other $y\in S$, $A(y)$ is false}. From this
205 we see that the structure of the statement is
206 \begin{align*}
207 \exists x\in S,\,(\text{``something''}\land\text{``something else''})
208 \end{align*}
209 The ``something'' part is just $A(x)$. The ``something else'' part can be
210 written in different ways, for example
211 \begin{align*}
212 \forall y\in S,\,(y\neq x\implies \neg A(y)) \quad \text{or}
213 \quad \forall y\in S,\,(A(y)\implies y=x)
214 \end{align*}
215 (notice that the two implications above are one the contrapositive of the
216 other); or also
217 \begin{align*}
218 \forall y\in S\setminus \{x\},\, \neg A(y)
219 \end{align*}
220 So in conclusion, one way to define ``$\exists!$'' is the following:
221 \begin{align*}
222 \exists!x\in S,\,A(x)\quad:=\quad\exists x\in S,\,(A(x)\land
223 (\forall y\in S,\,(A(y)\implies y=x)))
224 \end{align*}
225
226\end{proof}
227
228\section{Proofs}
229
230\begin{exercise}
231 Prove by induction that
232 \begin{align*}
233 \forall n\in\mathbb N,\quad \sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)=n^2
234 \end{align*}
235 (here $\sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)$ means $1+3+5+\cdots+ (2n-1)$).
236\end{exercise}
237\begin{proof}[Solution]
238 \textbf{Base case:} for $n=0$ the sum is empty, so we have $0=0$ which is
239 true. (If you do not think that the formula makes sense for $n=0$, you can do
240 prove it for $n\geq 1$ and fo $n=1$ as a base case.)
241
242 \textbf{Inductive step:} we can assume that the formula works for a generic
243 (but fixed) $n\in\mathbb N$ and prove that then it also works for $n+1$. So:
244 \begin{align*}
245 \sum_{k=1}^{n+1}(2k-1)&=\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}(2k-1)\right)+2(n+1)-1=\\
246 &=n^2 +2(n+1)-1=\\
247 &=n^2+2n+1=\\
248 &=(n+1)^2
249 \end{align*}
250 which is the formula for $n+1$.
251\end{proof}
252
253\begin{exercise}
254 If $n\in \mathbb N$ the \emph{factorial} of $n$, denoted by $n!$ is defined
255 as follows:
256 \begin{align*}
257 n!=\begin{cases}
258 1&\text{if } n=0,\\
259 n\times (n-1)! & \text{if } n> 0.
260 \end{cases}
261 \end{align*}
262 Prove by induction that if $n\geq 4$ then $n!\geq 2^n$.
263\end{exercise}
264\begin{proof}[Solution]
265 \textbf{Base case:} here the base case is $n=4$, and we have
266 $4!=24\geq 16=2^4$.
267
268 \textbf{Inductive step:} we can assume that the inequality is true for $n$,
269 and prove that it is also true for $n+1$. We have:
270 \begin{align*}
271 (n+1)!=(n+1)\times n!\geq (n+1)\times 2^n\geq 2^{n+1}
272 \end{align*}
273\end{proof}
274
275\begin{exercise}
276 Is the following statement true or false? Give a proof of your answer.
277 \begin{align*}
278 \forall n\in \mathbb N,\, n^2 -4n +5>n
279 \end{align*}
280\end{exercise}
281\begin{proof}[Solution]
282 The statement is \textbf{false}. Since it starts with a universal
283 quantifier, in order to prove that it is false we just need to provide one
284 example of $n\in \mathbb N$ which makes it false. In other words, we need to
285 prove that
286 \begin{align*}
287 \exists n\in \mathbb N,\, n^2-4n+5\leq n
288 \end{align*}
289 and a proof of this fact is very simple: for $n=2$ we have
290 $2^2-4\times 2+5=1\leq 2$.
291\end{proof}
292
293\begin{exercise}
294 Do the last point of Exercise 1.1 again, but this time give a proof of your
295 answer.
296\end{exercise}
297\begin{proof}[Solution]
298 Again, since we have to prove that the statement is false, we just need to
299 show one counterexample. for example, the number
300 $2^{2^5}+1=4294967297=641\times 6700417$ is not prime.
301\end{proof}
302
303
304
305
306\end{document}

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